{"id":150418,"date":"2023-05-26T17:52:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T16:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/carbon-footprint-fish\/"},"modified":"2025-08-14T10:33:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T09:33:21","slug":"carbon-footprint-fish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/en-us\/carbon-footprint-fish\/","title":{"rendered":"The Carbon Footprint of Fish"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Is eating fish a more environmentally friendly alternative to eating meat? In this blog, we unpack the carbon footprint of fish.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Fishing
Image Credit: AdobeStock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Discussions about diet and climate impact tend to focus on cows, who are, through no fault of their own, the biggest contributors to climate-changing emissions in agriculture. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, they are by no means the only contributor. Increasingly, the impact of fish \u2013 both farmed and wild-caught<\/a> \u2013 is coming under scrutiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How does bottom trawling drive climate change?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ocean is the world\u2019s biggest carbon sink and absorbs about 31% of global CO2 emissions each year.1<\/a><\/sup> Mangroves, kelp forests, and seagrass meadows all play a role in capturing carbon but are being destroyed to satisfy the world\u2019s demand for seafood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While these are serious issues that must be addressed, it is bottom trawling that causes the greater climate problem. The ocean floor, which is a vital carbon sink, is being plowed over and over by bottom trawlers. Their weighted nets gouge scars in the sea floor, releasing stored carbon back into the ocean. If the ocean is saturated with CO2 from the seabed, it is less able to absorb it from the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2024 study estimated that a staggering 8.5 to 9.2 billion tonnes of CO2 have been released from trawling into the atmosphere between 1996-2020. The researchers also found that 55-60% of the CO2 released by trawlers will be in the atmosphere within nine years.2<\/a><\/sup> A 2021 study published in Nature calculated the impact of bottom trawling as one gigaton of carbon each year \u2013 more than all (pre-pandemic) aviation emissions combined.3<\/a><\/sup> But the damage caused by bottom trawling doesn\u2019t stop there.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Fishing
Image Credit: AdobeStock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Bycatch Drives Climate Change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The nets dragged along by trawlers are immense \u2013 some are big enough to fit 10 jumbo jets inside \u2013 and they scoop up any creature unlucky enough to be in their path. This includes whales, dolphins, sharks, and porpoises, and the deaths of these creatures are not only a tragedy \u2013 it\u2019s a climate issue, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2019 International Monetary Fund report found that protecting large sea creatures is actually more important for the climate than planting trees because the animals accumulate carbon in their bodies throughout their long lives, and when they die, the carbon remains locked away in their bodies at the bottom of the ocean.4<\/a><\/sup> Scientists have called destructive practices such as bottom trawling \u2018marine deforestation\u2019 because of the extent of the damage they cause.5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If we stopped fishing, we would stop bycatch, which would allow carbon to accumulate in large creatures, and the seabed with its carbon stores would remain intact.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Green
Image Credit: AdobeStock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Is fish farming better for the environment?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It would be tempting to think that fish farming could solve the climate impact of the fishing industry, but this is not the case because many farmed fish \u2013 particularly salmon and trout – are fed wild-caught fish. Farmed salmon, for example, has a bigger carbon footprint than chicken or turkey and generates more than 4kg of carbon emissions per kilogram of salmon.6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

About half of the fish consumed today comes from fish farms, and these are far from environmentally friendly. Like all factory-farmed animals, fish live in crowded, squalid conditions and are fed an array of drugs to try to control the viruses, bacteria, and parasites that infect them. These drugs are toxic and cause serious pollution in the wild.7<\/a><\/sup> One report found that pollution of one such toxic pesticide in Scottish lakes had increased by 72 percent in a year.8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shrimp farms also cause problems for the environment. Production has increased by 1,000 percent over the last 30 years, and it is a key driver in mangrove forest loss.9<\/a>,10<\/a><\/sup> Mangroves are a type of tropical forest, rich in biodiversity and important for mitigating climate change. A quarter of mangrove forests have been lost in the last 40 years.11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Oxford University researcher Joseph Poore undertook the biggest study to date on the environmental impact of different foods, he was surprised by the impact of freshwater fish farming, which provides two-thirds of such fish for the Asian market and 96 percent for the European market.12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poore told The Guardian: \u201cYou get all these fish depositing excreta and unconsumed feed down to the bottom of the pond, where there is barely any oxygen, making it the perfect environment for methane production.\u201d <\/em>Methane is a potent greenhouse gas commonly associated with cow burps, but it is also an issue in the fishing industry.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Dead
Image Credit: AdobeStock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Is the fishing industry sustainable?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Taking vast numbers of animals out of their habitat causes significant damage to ecosystems. It causes whole populations to collapse, which triggers collapses in the species who rely on them for food and a boom in the number of species that are preyed upon by them. In this way, the entire ecological system is destabilised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Add to this the destruction of the ocean floor, seamounts and coral reefs by trawlers and the plastic pollution which comes in large part from the fishing industry13<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>, and we start to see the immensity of the damage caused by our over-consumption of fish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Renowned marine biologist Dr Sylvia Earle says: \u201cI have looked long and hard, seriously, at trying to find an example of where a large-scale extraction of wildlife is sustainable. It just doesn\u2019t exist.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The climate impact of farmed fish is far larger than for plant-based foods such as tofu, nuts, and legumes. To protect our planet, its inhabitants, and our future, we should be choosing plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For more information about choosing plant-based alternatives to fish, check out our Choose Fish-Free<\/a> campaign.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. Gruber, Nicolas, et al. \u201cThe Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007.\u201d Science, vol. 363, no. 6432, 14 Mar. 2019, pp. 1193\u20131199, science.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Atwood, Trisha B, et al. \u201cAtmospheric CO2 Emissions and Ocean Acidification from Bottom-Trawling.\u201d Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 10, 18 Jan. 2024, frontiersin.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Sala, Enric, et al. \u201cProtecting the Global Ocean for Biodiversity, Food and Climate.\u201d Nature, vol. 592, no. 592, 17 Mar. 2021, pp. 397\u2013402, nature.com<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Chami, Ralph, et al. \u201cNature\u2019s Solution to Climate Change.\u201d International Monetary Fund, Dec. 2019, imf.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. McVeigh, Karen. \u201cCarbon Released by Bottom Trawling \u201cToo Big to Ignore\u201d, Says Study.\u201d The Guardian, 18 Jan. 2024, theguardian.com<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Environmental Working Group. \u201cMeat Eater\u2019s Guide to Health and Climate.\u201d EWG, 2011, ewg.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Wild Fish. \u201cResponsibly Farmed? Investigating the Certification of Scottish Farmed Salmon.\u201d Wild Fish, Sept. 2023, wildfish.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Edwards, Rob. \u201cFury as Fish Farm Pesticide Pollution Rises 72% in a Year.\u201d The Ferret, 7 Oct. 2020, theferret.scot<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Food and Agriculture Organization. \u201cFAO Fisheries & Aquaculture.\u201d FAO, fao.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Environmental Justice Foundation. \u201cFarming the Sea, Costing the Earth: Why We Must Green the Blue Revolution.\u201d EJF, 2004, ejfoundation.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. UN Environmental Programme. \u201c5 Facts about Mangroves and Why We Must Protect Them.\u201d UNEP-WCMC, 26 July 2020, unep-wcmc.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Carrington, Damian. \u201cAvoiding Meat and Dairy Is \u201cSingle Biggest Way\u201d to Reduce Your Impact on Earth.\u201d The Guardian, 20 Nov. 2018, theguardian.com<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. WWF. \u201cStop Ghost Gear: The Most Deadly Form of Marine Plastic Debris.\u201d 2020, worldwildlife.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Greenpeace. \u201cGhost Gear: The Abandoned Fishing Nets Haunting Our Oceans.\u201d Greenpeace, 2019, greenpeace.org<\/a>. Accessed 28 May 2024.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Is eating fish a more environmentally friendly alternative to eating meat? In this blog, we unpack the carbon footprint of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":131,"featured_media":111707,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[649],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-150418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment-en-us"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Carbon Footprint of Fish | Is Fish Sustainable?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is eating fish better for the environment than eating meat? Not quite. 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