{"id":109003,"date":"2021-05-16T19:50:03","date_gmt":"2021-05-16T18:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/?p=109003"},"modified":"2024-12-27T18:01:30","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T18:01:30","slug":"os-problemas-da-pesca-e-da-piscicultura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/pt-br\/os-problemas-da-pesca-e-da-piscicultura\/","title":{"rendered":"Os problemas da pesca e da piscicultura"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>&#8220;Os peixes literalmente sufocam no ar&#8221;, diz Victoria Braithwaite, professora de Pesca e Biologia da Penn State University e autora do livro &#8220;Do Fish Feel Pain?&#8221;. &#8220;N\u00e3o aceitar\u00edamos matar galinhas jogando-as em um tanque de \u00e1gua e esperando que se afoguem. Ent\u00e3o, por que n\u00e3o se opor a peixes sufocando no conv\u00e9s de uma traineira?&#8221;<sup><a href=\"#note1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Essa \u00e9 uma \u00f3tima pergunta.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PEIXES SELVAGENS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As redes podem capturar dezenas de milhares de peixes de uma vez, deixando os animais exaustos enquanto tentam desesperadamente fugir. Quando as redes s\u00e3o puxadas para a superf\u00edcie, os peixes que est\u00e3o no fundo s\u00e3o esmagadas pelo peso dos que est\u00e3o acima delas. A r\u00e1pida mudan\u00e7a na press\u00e3o faz com que suas bexigas natat\u00f3rias inflem excessivamente e seus est\u00f4magos e intestinos sejam empurrados para fora pela boca e \u00e2nus. Seus olhos se distorcem, incham e tamb\u00e9m podem ser empurrados para fora das \u00f3rbitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os animais s\u00e3o ent\u00e3o jogados no conv\u00e9s do navio, onde aqueles que ainda est\u00e3o vivos v\u00e3o sufocar, um processo que pode levar v\u00e1rios minutos. Outros, como o atum, s\u00e3o i\u00e7ados da \u00e1gua com um anzol e mortos perfurados por uma estaca em seus c\u00e9rebros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apesar de um n\u00famero cada vez maior de estudos que mostram que as esp\u00e9cies aqu\u00e1ticas podem sentir dor, ainda n\u00e3o existem leis de bem-estar que regem o abate de peixes no mar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-29922 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/fish-suffocating.jpg\" alt=\"Dead fish\" class=\"wp-image-11012\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Imagem cortesia de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/proimos\/6931619047\/in\/photolist-bywmRe-4KduqY-bPzo1n-6rLFKo-bcFt1H-9TxRwD-2U2rcM-oyeJZX-5UamdJ-oNdpn3-2X8UVR-oNe2MM-oNcB1N-oNd8Eo-p5FCC5-oNegx3-aUhxDX-afifXa-afifCz-oeVWWa-ou4Xm7-5YsNnc-9928ia-4KadWc-5UDw15-5UzdJZ-6pJ9NG-5UzgMr-4K8CFH-4QbvVZ-oenPPE-eiS3hD-eiS3ma-eiYJB1-eiS3iM-pVz6u-c3Cnqf-ousjKf-ovCCMX-hjCisd-kx6qPq-ow5vhN-7pPM6m-pVz4f-pVzcN-pVyX9-pVz9S-pVyZF-8UjSVo-4kq3DG\">Alex Prolmos<\/a>, reutilizado sob uma licen\u00e7a Creative Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>a pesca em larga escala destr\u00f3i habitats naturais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u00eas quartos dos recursos de pesca est\u00e3o superexplorados na Uni\u00e3o Europeia<sup><a href=\"#note2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. O n\u00famero de bacalhau e linguado j\u00e1 diminuiu 32% nas pescarias da UE desde 1993. Quanto \u00e0s demais esp\u00e9cies mais ca\u00e7adas e sua redu\u00e7\u00e3o nos demais territ\u00f3rios, os n\u00fameros s\u00e3o: 63% no Atl\u00e2ntico, 82% no Mediterr\u00e2neo e 66% no B\u00e1ltico s\u00e3o sobreexploradas.<sup><a href=\"#note3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> As popula\u00e7\u00f5es de atum, bacalhau e marlim diminu\u00edram 90% durante o s\u00e9culo passado, enquanto a popula\u00e7\u00e3o de cavala do Mar do Norte, que entrou em colapso na d\u00e9cada de 1970, nunca se recuperou.<sup><a href=\"#note\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Esta \u00e9 apenas a ponta de um iceberg devastador.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os habitats marinhos s\u00e3o dizimados pela frota industrial de navios pesqueiros. A faixa de arrasto destr\u00f3i o fundo do oceano, dizimando florestas de corais em alto mar e outros ecossistemas delicados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Muitos cientistas acreditam que o impacto da pesca em animais que vivem no fundo \u00e9 100.000 vezes maior do que a extra\u00e7\u00e3o de petr\u00f3leo ou g\u00e1s no fundo do mar<sup><a href=\"#note5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.  Ainda assim, muitos ambientalistas deixam de comer carne, mas continuam a comer peixes, contribuindo para essa devasta\u00e7\u00e3o. Com um em cada tr\u00eas peixes capturados na natureza sendo usados para consumo n\u00e3o humano,<sup><a href=\"#note6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> incluindo a farinha de peixe que \u00e9 adicionada \u00e0 ra\u00e7\u00e3o dos animais de cria\u00e7\u00e3o, comer carne tamb\u00e9m contribui para os danos causados aos oceanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assista a este poderoso v\u00eddeo sobre os efeitos da pesca predat\u00f3ria em nossos oceanos e na vida marinha:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"embed-wrapper-block\">\n<div class=\"embed-wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Overfishing - Revolution World Issue\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/767slG-Nlhk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2018sem querer\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As redes n\u00e3o discriminam. Elas v\u00e3o arrastar qualquer esp\u00e9cie para fora da \u00e1gua, sejam elas comercialmente valiosas ou n\u00e3o. N\u00e3o h\u00e1 n\u00fameros registrados de peixes e outras &#8216;capturas acess\u00f3rias&#8217;. Em vez disso, a ind\u00fastria registra peso. O peso dos peixes e outras esp\u00e9cies capturadas como capturas acess\u00f3rias a cada ano \u00e9 estimado em mais de 20 milh\u00f5es de toneladas, quase um quarto de todas as esp\u00e9cies marinhas desembarcadas. <a href=\"#note7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estima-se que 300.000 baleias, golfinhos e botos morrem nas redes de pesca todos os anos. <a href=\"#note8\">[8]<\/a> Outras esp\u00e9cies de captura acidental incluem tubar\u00f5es, tartarugas, estrelas do mar, esponjas e centenas de milhares de aves marinhas mergulhadoras <a href=\"#note9\">[9]<\/a>, entre elas albatrozes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-29936 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/under-water-turtle-swimming.jpg\" alt=\"Turtles - one of the many animals at risk of bycatch in fishing nets\" class=\"wp-image-67308\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Foto: <a href=\"https:\/\/visualhunt.com\/re\/44b8f3\">VisualHunt<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">peixe de cativeiro<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o de peixes n\u00e3o \u00e9 a \u00fanica resposta para a devastadora destrui\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental da pesca mar\u00edtima. Por um lado, esp\u00e9cies cultivadas como salm\u00e3o e bacalhau s\u00e3o carn\u00edvoras, ent\u00e3o s\u00e3o alimentados com peixes retirados dos oceanos, aumentando assim a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A piscicultura tamb\u00e9m impacta diretamente a sa\u00fade dos peixes selvagens. Isso ocorre porque alguns peixes criados em viveiro escapam e espalham doen\u00e7as e piolhos do mar entre seus semelhantes selvagens. Os piolhos do mar causam inflama\u00e7\u00f5es, hemorragias e atacam os \u00f3rg\u00e3os dos peixes, acabando por com\u00ea-los vivos. Os piolhos do salm\u00e3o de viveiro est\u00e3o agora se espalhando para as popula\u00e7\u00f5es de peixes selvagens em partes do Atl\u00e2ntico Nordeste. Al\u00e9m disso, os pesticidas usados para controlar os piolhos do mar em fazendas industriais de peixes est\u00e3o se revelando prejudiciais para as popula\u00e7\u00f5es de peixes selvagens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-29950 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/sea-lice-salmon.jpg\" alt=\"Fish in a bag\" class=\"wp-image-11011\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/watershed_watch\/5405271488\/in\/photolist-uGhvM-uGhoZ-uGhLu-8HdBf3-dntBkS-8wUFrh-9eAhYp-4AoUSr-9eDpjC-9eDpF3-9eDq27-9eDqwG-9eDqv9-9eDqU1-81Rq8b-mksTaH-5ao1yK-5aohxz-hLm1Y7-ovYtBX-oeYmew-oeZV1S-oy68ez\">Foto cortesia de Watershed Watch, reutilizado com licen\u00e7a de Creative Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">animais sofrem nos cativeiros<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Os peixes s\u00e3o colocados em compartimentos pequenos, imundos e n\u00e3o naturais. A superlota\u00e7\u00e3o faz com que um ter\u00e7o deles morra. Uma s\u00e9rie de produtos qu\u00edmicos s\u00e3o usados para tentar evitar que ainda mais morram. Nesse ambiente estressante, muitos peixes arrancam as nadadeiras, caudas e olhos dos outros, um comportamento angustiante visto tamb\u00e9m em outros animais de cria\u00e7\u00e3o industrial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Philip Lymbery, CEO da organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Compassion in World Farming, explica que salm\u00f5es com quase um metro de comprimento podem receber o equivalente a uma banheira de \u00e1gua. &#8216;Espremidos firmemente, esses andarilhos do oceano nadam como um bloco, em c\u00edrculos incessantes ao redor da gaiola, como o andar de cima para baixo de animais de zool\u00f3gico enjaulados.&#8217;<sup><a href=\"#note10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A realidade \u00e9 que a crueldade \u00e9 deliberada. Camar\u00f5es, por exemplo, s\u00e3o cegados porque a maioria dos criados em cativeiro n\u00e3o \u00e9 capaz de se reproduzir. E ter seus olhos cortados desencadeia o amadurecimento de seus ov\u00e1rios. A &#8216;extra\u00e7\u00e3o do olho&#8217; foi rotulada de &#8216;cruel&#8217; e &#8216;traum\u00e1tica&#8217; por v\u00e1rios cientistas, mas n\u00e3o vai parar,  \u00e9 uma parte intr\u00ednseca da cria\u00e7\u00e3o de camar\u00f5es e mais da metade de todos os camar\u00f5es consumidos globalmente s\u00e3o cultivados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o de peixes pode erradicar o problema da captura acidental, mas n\u00e3o significa que n\u00e3o haja v\u00edtimas adicionais. A ind\u00fastria de cria\u00e7\u00e3o de peixes escocesa admite atirar em 500 focas por ano para evitar que comam os peixes, mas os ativistas dizem que o n\u00famero real pode chegar a 5.000.<sup><a href=\"#note11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-29964 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/salmon-farm.jpg\" alt=\"Fish in a net\" class=\"wp-image-11009\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/judemasti\/6664782005\/in\/photolist-wHgTk-wHgW8-bEojMX-2yWmp-8xFUe2-61uuAc-8HdBf3-buvzm7-gkd4Z-7z3Kma-6aDCNN-FvtcQ-4aKSdm-4aKRW5-FvtcY-63mURL-b9WKuz-7NwAct-eaJZyB-uNMjj-9FNWBW-9FL2tD-4a2XdM-dHAe9g-8FfHx-8FfNf-8FfFQ-8FfDi-9eDpjC-9eDpF3-9eDq27-f8fnd6-f8uCJC-f8fn2e-f8uCQN-f8uCUW-9eDqwG-9eDqU1-9eDqv9-7qnudE-nYpQSe-nFWeX6-55MegC-c6daHA-8ytjK2-8EaibB-jGeWP-5arBy-aa3bTU-5vQtSb\">Foto cortesia de Small Jude, reutilizada sob licen\u00e7a de Creative Common<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>TRANSPORTE VIVO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Transportar peixes \u00e9 uma experi\u00eancia estressante e dolorosa para eles. Eles podem se ferir quando apanhados pelas bombas de v\u00e1cuo e redes e ainda sofrem com as mudan\u00e7as na press\u00e3o e temperatura da \u00e1gua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c9 pr\u00e1tica comum deixar os peixes famintos por 48 horas antes de transport\u00e1-los, para desacelerar seu metabolismo e reduzir a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua de transporte com suas fezes. Alguns peixes podem at\u00e9 ser mantidos fora da \u00e1gua durante o per\u00edodo de transporte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">abate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A \u00fanica estipula\u00e7\u00e3o legal para o abate dos 35 milh\u00f5es de peixes de cria\u00e7\u00e3o que s\u00e3o mortos no Reino Unido a cada ano<sup><a href=\"#note12\">{12]<\/a><\/sup> \u00e9 que eles sejam &#8220;poupados de qualquer dor, ang\u00fastia ou sofrimento evit\u00e1vel&#8221;.<sup><a href=\"#note13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os peixes nos criadouros podem ser mortos por asfixia ou podem ter seus arcos branquiais rasgados, um procedimento desumano que faz com que os animais lutem violentamente pelos quatro minutos que levam para morrer.<sup><a href=\"#note14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alguns peixes ficam atordoados antes do abate por uma pancada na cabe\u00e7a, choque el\u00e9trico, uso de di\u00f3xido de carbono ou imers\u00e3o em \u00e1gua gelada. Nenhum desses m\u00e9todos \u00e9 totalmente eficaz e os peixes muitas vezes sufocam ou sangram at\u00e9 a morte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-29978 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/veganuary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/tuna.jpg\" alt=\"A dead fish on a bloodied floor\" class=\"wp-image-11014\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/animalequalityuk\/7311967018\/in\/photolist-c98RCu-c98NpC-c98LNN-c98K3S-c98HeL-c98Fuy-c98DWG-c98BVS-c98Af9-c98zKo-c98ydq-c98uY9-c98toy-c98saE-c98qEs-c98oXY-c98nxQ-c98kMo-c98iUs-c98h3Q-c98fH3-c98ed5-c98csh-c988xh-c987hd-c984RL-c983gU-c981L5-c97Z9N-c97XmA-c97VCo-c97T47-c97RfW-c97Pf9-c97Mr3-c97KyU-c97HtU-c97FKY-c97DNf-c97C2d-c97A3d-c97xBS-c97vnQ-c97sHW-c97qzm-c97oGY-c97mPh-c97jVQ-c97hWo-c97g5y\">Foto cortesia de Animal Equality UK<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>peixes s\u00e3o inteligentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Os peixes podem usar ferramentas, se comunicar e podem aprender rapidamente.<sup><a href=\"#note15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> Longe de ter mem\u00f3ria fraca, a pesquisa mostrou que v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies de peixes t\u00eam mem\u00f3rias precisas que podem durar muito tempo, at\u00e9 anos, no caso da migra\u00e7\u00e3o do salm\u00e3o.<sup><a href=\"#note16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O pesquisador de peixes Culum Brown revisou quase 200 artigos sobre percep\u00e7\u00e3o sensorial de peixes, habilidades cognitivas naturais (incluindo sua capacidade de avaliar a quantidade) e suas habilidades de perceber e sentir dor. Ele encontrou ampla evid\u00eancia de que os peixes s\u00e3o inteligentes em todos os aspectos. E concluiu: \u2018As pessoas precisam ter uma maior compreens\u00e3o de como os peixes s\u00e3o inteligentes. S\u00f3 porque somos ignorantes n\u00e3o \u00e9 desculpa para tratar mal outro animal.\u2019<sup><a href=\"#note17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A pesquisa tamb\u00e9m est\u00e1 come\u00e7ando a descobrir que os peixes t\u00eam personalidades distintas. N\u00e3o deve ser surpresa que todos os animais, incluindo os c\u00e3es e gatos com quem compartilhamos nossas casas, os patos que alimentamos no parque, os peixes nos oceanos e n\u00f3s mesmos, sejam todos seres distintos. E suas vidas s\u00e3o t\u00e3o importantes para eles quanto as nossas s\u00e3o para n\u00f3s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PORCOS, VACAS E GALINHAS S\u00c3O OS PRINCIPAIS PREDADORES DO OCEANO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Milh\u00f5es de toneladas de peixes s\u00e3o capturados para alimentar os animais de cria\u00e7\u00e3o, incluindo os peixes de cria\u00e7\u00e3o. Anchovas peruanas, por exemplo, s\u00e3o pescadas aos bilh\u00f5es <sup><a href=\"#note18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>, mas apenas 2% s\u00e3o consumidas por pessoas, embora 13% das crian\u00e7as peruanas tenham desnutri\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00f4nica <sup><a href=\"#note19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>. Os 98% restantes s\u00e3o reduzidos a farinha de peixe ou \u00f3leo de peixe, que s\u00e3o ent\u00e3o adicionados \u00e0 alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de animais de cria\u00e7\u00e3o em todo o mundo, incluindo galinhas e peixes de cria\u00e7\u00e3o<sup><a href=\"#note20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup>&nbsp;Victoria Braithwaite,<em>Do fish feel pain? <\/em>Oxford: OUP, 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup> N Keijzer, \u2018Fishing in troubled waters?\u2019 European Centre for Development Policy Management, 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup> Birdlife International et al, \u2018Public Aid for Sustainable Fisheries\u2019 February 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup> \u2018Rescuing the North and Baltic Seas: Marine Reserves &#8211; a key tool\u2019 Greenpeace, 2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup> Charles Clover, <em>The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat<\/em>, Edbury Press, London, 2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup> Albert Tacon, \u2018Competition between catch of forage fish for fishmeal and human consumption\u2019, Lenfest Ocean Programme, 7 June 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup> \u2018General facts regarding world fisheries\u2019, United Nations, May 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup> CD Soulsbury, \u2018The Animal Welfare Implications of Cetacean Deaths in Fisheries\u2019, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup> Daniel Cressey, \u2018Terrible toll of fishing nets on seabirds revealed\u2019, <em>Nature<\/em>, 29 May 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note10\">&nbsp;<sup>[10]<\/sup> Philip Lymbery, <em>In too deep: the welfare of intensively farmed fish<\/em>, 2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup> Auslan Cramb, \u2018Scottish farmers \u201cconducting secret seal slaughter\u201d\u2019, <em>The Telegraph<\/em>, 5 Apr 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup> \u2018Opinions on Fish Welfare\u2019. A Presentation to the UK aquaculture Forum, Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 17 Oct 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup> Article 3 (1), Council Regulation (EC) No 1099\/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup> Stephanie Yue, \u2018The Welfare of Farmed Fish at Slaughter\u2019, Humane Society of the United States, 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup> Emily Gertz, \u2018Are fish as intelligent as crows, chimps &#8230; or people?\u2019 <em>Popular Science<\/em>, 19 June 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup> Braithwaite, 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup> Gertz, 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup> \u2018Impacts of the Peruvian anchoveta supply chains: from wild fish in the water to protein on the plate\u2019, Globec International Newsletter, April 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.wfp.org\/countries\/peru\">http:\/\/www1.wfp.org\/countries\/peru<\/a>, accessed January 2018&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"note20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup>&nbsp;Allison Guy, <em>\u2018Overfishing and El Ni\u00f1o push the world\u2019s biggest single-species fishery to a critical point\u2019<\/em>, Oceana website, 2 Feb 2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Os peixes literalmente sufocam no ar&#8221;, diz Victoria Braithwaite, professora de Pesca e Biologia da Penn State University e autora&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70,"featured_media":81397,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1096,1106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animal","category-meio-ambiente"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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